Common practice by the 1950s (Apgar's era)
	By the time Apgar was developing her newborn score, Colozzi (1954) remarked:
				"It is difficult to assay the various methods of umbilical cord clamping.  Every physician employs a different technic and usually establishes a pattern that he carries out routinely in his obstetric work.  At times this pattern is influenced by the equipment, the nursing situation, hospital policy in care of the newborn and various emergencies arising in the mother or the infant...
					... It has been observed that the cord is often clamped immediately, either as a routine procedure or so that the infant can be handed to nurse for resuscitation and aspiration."
			On the other hand some practitioners viewed so strongly in the need for full placental transfusion, that they would strip the cord three or four times to squeeze all residual blood into the child.  A survey in 1950 of 1900 members of the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology found two thirds regarded placental transfusion as a matter of minor importance, but nearly one quarter (455) used the stripping procedure (McCausland et al. 1950).
		In the same year, Landau et al. (1950) determined that immediate clamping of the cord after Cesarean section was leaving the newborn in a state of hypovolemic shock, which they were able to counteract by holding the placenta above the infant to obtain drainage through the still intact umbilical cord.