Impairment of brainstem nuclei cannot be considered "minimal"
		Ranck and Windle (1959) had set out to produce and animal model of cerebral palsy, i.e. damage of the motor system of the cerebral cortex.   Instead they found that a few minutes of suffocation at birth results in visible damage only of brainstem structures.  The monkeys suffered transient delay in motor development, but appeared to recover.
		Windle (1969a & b) thus suggested that oxygen deficiency at birth, if of only a few minutes duration, might be associated with what was then known as "minimal cerebral dysfunction" (MCD).  This corresponds to what today is referred to as "Pervasive developmental disorder" (PDD), which is often associated with "autism spectrum" afflictions.  Brainstem damage cannot be considered minimal.  Autism and other developmental disorders are not minimal
			Subjects of "randomized controlled" clinical trials of immediate and delayed umbilical cord clamping should be looked up to see how their development progressed.  No one wants (or should have to) accept that their child will never be quite the person he or she would have been.
				Faro and Windle (1969) examined the brains of monkeys subjected to asphyxia at birth several months or years after development apparently recovered to normal.  Brain development, however, did not follow a normal course.  The cerebral cortex continues to myelinate and make synaptic connections during the first four postnatal years, and for two to three decades after that.
				How many "minimal" problems of maturation through the teens and twenties have become commonplace during the past half century among those with sub-optimal Apgar scores at birth?